o Questioning may be open or closed.
Open= unlimited answer options
Closed= Yes, No, or one word questions
Reflection: o Restate the clients cognitive or emotional material
o Demonstrate empathic understanding
o Rogerian Client-Centered Therapists rely heavily on reflection
o Overuse is counterproductive - important areas are left unaddressed
Restatement (Paraphrasing): o Rephrase what client says.
o Demonstrates active listening.
o Reflection is type of intervention, clarifies and joins themes.
Clarification: o Accompanied by utilizing other techniques such as questioning, paraphrasing, restating
o Shows understanding of client in the interview
o If done from a not knowing stance, should not invoke defensive response.
Confrontation: o May be used to call client out on discrepancies
o Is often used with substance abusers in order to break denial and/or rigid defenses
o This may increase anxiety and avoidance but is necessary and can be constructive.
Self-disclosure o The sharing of personal experiences by the therapist to the client relative to the session with the purpose of helping.
o Intended to facilitate client disclosure.
o Should be used minimally
o Must be careful not to cross boundaries.
Silence: o While this may occur unintentionally there are many benefits if used correctly.
o Provides both client and therapist time to process what is being understood.
o Timing is essential
o Promotes introspection
Exploration: o Therapist test the limits of what client is willing to process.
o May be used to determine clients level of insight.
Reframing (Cognitive reframing): o This allows for a different perspective
o Used to challenge negative self concepts and harmful thinking patterns.
o The purpose is to lead to behavioral change.
